gender parity index (GPI) measures the sex-related differences in school attendance rates and is calculated by dividing the GAR for females by the GAR for males. A GPI of 1 indicates parity, or equality, between the participation rates for males and females. A GPI of less than 1 indicates a gender disparity in favour of males, i.e., a higher proportion of males than females attend that level of schooling. A GPI greater than 1 indicates a gender disparity in favour of females.